Geology_Learn

What is a GEOLOGICAL REPORT? Geological reports are concise, informative and well documented reports used to present, analyse and summarise field data for both industry and research purposes. They should be accompanied by geological maps, figures, stratigraphic columns, tables, graphs etc. PREPARATION First plan the layout, section by section; then draft each section using all your notes, maps, laboratory results and references gathered from other sources. Then list the illustrations needed to support the text. Finally, lay sections out in your choosen order, before gathering them together to edit  them. Does not spare the paper, allow plenty of room between the lines and at the margins for corrections, alterations and additions. REVISION AND EDITING First, a rough draft gets the essential facts and information in order. The next stage is to revise it and re-edit. The order of some paragraphs may need changing, spelling mistakes corrected, grammar improved. Indicate where illustr...

Antelope Canyon  is a  slot canyon   in the American Southwest , on  Navajo   land east of  Page,  Arizona.  It includes two separate, scenic slot canyon sections, referred to as Upper Antelope Canyon (or The Crack), and Lower Antelope Canyon (or The Corkscrew). The Navajo name for Upper Antelope Canyon is  Tsé bighánílíní , which means 'the place where water runs through rocks'. Lower Antelope Canyon is  Hazdistazí  (called "Hasdestwazi" by the Navajo Parks and Recreation Department), or 'spiral rock arches'.  Antelope Canyon lights and rocks Arizona USA © Andrea Izzotti/Shutterstock Antelope Canyon’s undulating sandstone walls have been smoothed and polished to perfection by years of rainwater and flooding. The slot canyon is still prone to flash floods on occasion, but visit on a fair weather day and you’ll be in for a treat, as the walls turn burning shades of amber, bronze and gold in the shafts of sunlight that peek ...

Volcanoes rank among the most destructive and awe-inspiring phenomena on the planet. But these fiery fissures do much more than just destroy. They also create. In a new study, researchers in Russia report the discovery of one such creation – an unusual mineral never before documented by scientists: an alluring, vibrantly blue-and-green crystallised substance the team have called  petrovite . The mineral was found in the volcanic landscape of Russia's far east, atop the Tolbachik volcano  in the  Kamchatka Peninsula . Blue cryptocrystalline crusts of petrovite.  (Filatov et al., Mineralogical Magazine, 2020) Tolbachik's eruptive history traces back thousands of years, but in recent times, two notable events stand out: the 'Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption' of 1975–1976, and a second, lesser follow-up that took place between 2012–2013. The force of eruptions during the first event tore numerous  cinder cones  in the volcanic complex, opening up...

 Geologists Discover Fossilised Leaves From Jurassic Period in Jharkhand Geologists have found fossilised leaves, estimated to be around 150-200million years old, in Jharkhand's Sahibganj district. A couple of 20 cm by 5 cm fossilised leaves of genus Ptilophyllum have been found in Dudhkol mountain in Taljhari area on 26/09/2020 and further excavation is underway, lead geologist assistant professor Ranjit Kumar Singh of Sahibganj PG College said. The excavation is being conducted in association with National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow under a project of the Department of Science and Technology of the Union government. "Such leaves were consumed by herbivorous dinosaurs. Smaller fossils from Upper Jurassic to Cretaceous period were earlier found in the region. We might even find fossilised dinosaur eggs during further excavation," Singh told .

CIPW NORMS CALCULATIONS The CIPW norm is named after the four petrologists, Cross, Iddings, Pirsson and Washington, who devised it in 1931. What is a Norm and why it is needed? A norm is a means of converting the chemical composition of an igneous rock to an ideal mineral composition. It often reveals similarities in rocks that have quite different modes, or observed mineral assemblages. Some of the factors that can cause such variations are: • Disequilibrium (for example, zoned minerals or reaction rims isolating the interiors of grains) • Temperature • Pressure • Alteration • Water content (otherwise identical rocks might contain biotite, amphibole, or pyroxene, depending on water content) • Other minor constituents. For example, excess sulfur or chlorine might cause scapolite to form instead of feldspar. Boron typically causes tourmaline to form. The CIPW norm calculates mineral composition as if the magma were anhydrous (water is simply treated as a separate phase) and at low press...

Fossil evidence indicates a 300,000-year Decline in biodiversity leading up to the Devonian-Carboniferous mass extinction, suggesting the possibility of multiple catastrophes, maybe even multiple supernova explosions. A supernova, on the other hand, delivers a one-two punch, the researchers said. The explosion immediately bathes Earth with damaging UV, X-rays and gamma rays. (Representational Image) (Unsplash) Killer cosmic rays from nearby supernovae could be the culprit behind at least one mass extinction event, researchers said, and finding certain radioactive isotopes in Earth’s rock record could confirm this scenario. A new study led by the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign astronomy and physics professor Brian Fields explores the possibility of astronomical events being responsible for an extinction event that occurred 359 million years ago, at the boundary between the Devonian and Carboniferous periods. The paper has been published in the Proceedings of the Na...

The latest eruption spewed 5000- metre high column of ash And smoke into the air, with ash covering three districts and darkening the sky. Indonesia’s Mount Sinabung volcano erupted on August 10, 2020; sending a column of ash and smoke more than 16,000 feet into the air. The volcano became active in 2010, erupting after nearly 400 years of inactivity. According to the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), USA, generally, there are about 20 volcanoes actively erupting every day. As per the weekly volcanic activity report prepared by The Smithsonian and US Geological Survey’s (USGS) Volcano Hazards program, for the week ending August 4, 2020, there were 17 volcanoes across the world with continuing eruptions. As per USGS, there are about 1,500 potentially active volcanoes worldwide. Indonesia is home to many active volcanoes, due to its position on the “Ring of Fire”, or the Circum-Pacific Belt, which is an area along the Pacific Ocean characterised by active volcanoes and frequ...